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WWW Links for
Biblical Studies |
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Important Sources of Links
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- Bible Researcher Web
Links
- A good starting place for Biblical studies.
- Biblical Studies
- The first place to look for links to NT & Philo sites.
- NT Gateway
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- The second place to look for useful NT links.
- Christian Origins
Links
- Sites selected by Justin Meggitt of Jesus College, Cambridge
- Academic
Info : Biblical Studies
- Academic sites, annotated and well organised
Open
Directory Project: Bible
- Links which do not descriminate, but are often useful
- Internet Ancient History Source Book
- A huge collection of texts and links to texts. Organised by origin and
date
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Biblical Translations and Texts
English Translations
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Historical English
Bibles:
(Individual Bibles are listed below)
Historic English Bibles in parallel (Tyndale 1525-26,
Tyndale 1534, Coverdale, Geneva, Bishops, KJV 1611):
English Bible Versions available
online:
When a version is available at multiple sites, the
one with the best facilities is listed.
What's the easiest to read? The
Message. This is an intelligently prepared paraphrase which
sometimes gets to the meaning better than a word-for-word or even a dynamic
equivalent translation. This web version is linked to handy commentaries.
What's the most useful? The New
American Standard. This modern word-for-word translation is
usefully tagged for the underlying Hebrew and Greek. Click on a word for a
simple lexicon.
What's the strangest? The
Klingon. This is based on language of the battle-loving
Klingons on Star Trek. Fans have created a 'real' language and done a
word-by-word replacement. It is interesting which words are left in English
because they have no equivalent in Klingon - like 'forgiveness' and 'grace'.
What's the most valuable? The William
Tyndale translation. It can be claimed that he
influenced the English language more than Shakespeare, with memorable phrases
like "Let there be light" and “the powers that be”. A million copies of his
New Testament were printed but only two complete copies survived Henry VIII's
wrath, and they are now worth millions.
Original-language Bibles
Hebrew Old Testament
Scholars mainly use the Biblia
Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) which is based on the Leningrad
Codex (aka St Petersburg Codex). When this text was digitised by the Westminster Hebrew Institute,
they took the opportunity to 'correct' the
BHS to follow the Leningrad codex more faithfully. The BHS is important
for the critical apparatus, though it is now being supplanted by the Quinta which
is also based on the Leningrad Codex. The Aleppo Codex is older
and often considered superior (though there are not many differences with
the Leningrad Codex) but almost all the Pentateuch has been lost.
Aleppo Codex:
Facsimile of
original. Downloadable
text.
Searchable text: unpointed, linked
to lexicon & grammar, with parallel English
Leningrad Codex (Westminster ed):
Facsimile
of original (nowhere on the web). Downloadable
text.
Searchable text: pointed, linked
to lexicon & grammar, with parallel English Massoretic
structure search in Unicode
Greek New Testament
Thousands of ancient copies of the New Testament have
survived. This enviable situation (which is unparalleled in other ancient
literature) has enabled scholars to study copying errors in detail. Three main
types of text have resulted from these studies, though their differences are
minor.
The Textus Receptus is based on the first edition of the
Greek text prepared by Erasmus, before the earliest manuscripts had been
discovered. It forms the basis of the earliest English Bibles, notably the King
James Bible. It is still used by many because it contains the long reading of 1
John 5.7 which is first found in a Greek manuscript penned a short time before
Erasmus published his edition - it was said to have been prepared especially for
this purpose!
Most scholars use the text of Nestle & Aland which gives
preference to the oldest manuscripts (mainly Vaticanus B and
Sinaiticus) and to the papyri from the first three centuries.
Decisions about which reading was original is based on which one was most likely
to cause later scribes to produce the others. This is published
by the American
Bible Society ("NA27" - ie Nestle-Aland, 27th ed.)
& the United
Bible Society (UBS4). Recent (NA26, NA27, UBS3,
UBS4) editions have virtually identical texts and differ only in their
critical apparatus, but NA28 will
incorporate some new readings from the Editio Critica
Maior. This text is basically similar to earlier editions by
Westcott & Hort, Tischendorf and Weiss, who all followed
broadly similar principles.
Some scholars use the Majority Text which gives
more-or-less equal weight to a much wider number of manuscripts up to about 1500
AD. Decisions about which reading was original is based mainly on the largest
number of manuscripts which contain that reading.
Original Manuscripts:
Major Codexes: Sinaiticus,
Vaticanus B (pseudo-facsimile), Bezae,
Alexandrinus.
Papyri,
minuscules etc: (complete list) (images &
discussion of many) (more images)
Editions from multiple manuscripts:
| Textus Receptus |
unaccented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar, linked to parallel
English |
| Tischendorf's 8th Ed |
unaccented,
searchable, with parallel English |
| Westcott & Hort: |
unaccented
with NA27 variants, searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar, with
linked parallel English |
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accented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar, with parallel
English |
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accented,
searchable, linked to full L&S lexicon |
| NA27/UBS3 |
unaccented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar |
|
accented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar |
| Majority Text |
unaccented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar, with parallel
English |
| Variants |
NA26 with
variants marked |
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interactive
apparatus
(incomplete)
NA new
'full' apparatus (incomplete) |
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5
parallel eds |
|
textual
commentary list of
variants |
| (all of the above) |
major
eds with variants, linked to grammar and very good lexicons +
ECF allusions - scholar's
heaven! |
Ancient
Translations - originals & English
translations
OT Greek Translation (Septuagint,
LXX)
Original manuscripts: Facsimiles (ID="any"
Password = "any")
Rahlf's Text: unaccented,
searchable, linked to lexicon & grammar, with parallel English
Ecclesiastical Greek: download Greek-English
interlinear as pdfs
Translation by Brenton: English,
searchable Revised
NETS - New English
Translation of the Septuagint English
PDFs
Downloadable Word doc: Rahlf's, accented &
Tov's parallels with Hebrew
OT Aramaic Paraphrase (Tragums)
All Targums in
Aramaic: pointed or
translitterated
Pentateuch trans by
Etheridge: Ps-Jonathan & Onkelos: English only
Psalms &
Megillot trans by E M Cook and others: English only
OT & NT Syriac Translation
(Peshitta)
OT: transliterated or unpointed,
linked to lexicon
NT: unpointed,
searchable, with parallel English
pointed with interlinear
English
transliterated
or unpointed, linked to
lexicon
Syraic & Hebrew font, with
interlinear English
NT trans by Murdoch: English
with parallel Syriac English
only
NT trans by Etheridge: English
only
OT trans by Lamsa: English only
OT & NT Latin Translation (Old Latin &
Vulgate)
Old Latin (Vetus Latina) - pre-Vulgate Latin Bible
fragments. (Tyndale access via Cambridge
University)
Vulgate: searchable,
with parallel English proximity
searches
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- Argos
ancient world search-engine
- A WWW search engine which brings up nothing but treasure! This is the
place to start.
- Internet Ancient History Source Book
- A large collection of ANE texts and links to texts
- Oriental
Institute, University of Chicago
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- Writings and links for the study of the Ancient Near East including
ancient Egypt
- K.C. Hanson's links page
- Lots more links like those listed here.
- Image collection of West Semitic Research
- Including intersting inscriptions, papyri from Assyria, Qumran,
Elephantine etc
- Digital Map of the Ancient Near East
- Runs from a plugin which you install on your computer
- Hammurabi's Code of Laws
- Transl. by L. W. King, Full text on a lawyer's site. Full text
on Iraq's UN site!
- The Philistine
Homepage
- Archaeology and maps of sites
- Archeoligical
Excavations in Israel
- Sites looking for volunteers, and latest news of what's happening.
- The Bible and
Interpretation
- News about archaeology and how it applies to the Bible.
- Archaeology email discussion lists
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- A huge list of discussion groups, with web links and ftp sites as well
- Tafila-Busayra Archaeological Survey
- Archaeological survey in Jordan
- Kevin Green's
"Electronic Companion" to archaeology
- A general introduction to the whole subject of archaeology.
- Archaeology on the Net
- A large number of links to ANE archaeology sites
- The Incirli Stela
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- This unpublished stele seems to refer to child sacrifice, according to
Bruce Zuckerman
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Egyptian Background to the Bible
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- Egyptian
Antiquities
- Interesting info put in an interesting way
- Ancient Egypt Links and more
- Links from academic archaeology to tourism
- Who's Who of Egypt
- Huge number of people, though very brief notes on each
- Maps of
Ptolemaic Egypt
- All the latest archaeological finds and other maps
- Ptolemaic Egypt
- Links to academic sites for Egypt from 3rd C BCE to Byzantine times
- Index of
Egyptian History
- All 32 Dynasties. Good overview linked to detailed essays
- Genealogy of the
Egyptian Kings
- Superb example of genealogies on the web, with academic references
- Egyptian Book
of the Dead
- Translation of the Papyrus of Ani
- Religion and
Philosophy of Egypt
- Academic treatise suggests Egypt was the source of Greek thought
- Redating
the Exodus or sticking with the Hyksos date
- A proposed redating of virtually everything by David Rohl. and Criticism
of David Rohl
- Religion and
Philosophy of Egypt
- Academic treatise suggests Egypt was the source of Greek thought
- Evidence for Israel in Egypt
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- Straightforward article on Joseph in Hyksos Egypt
- Chicago Demotic Dictionary Project
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- Full online version of the best demotic dictionary in print (when it is
finished)
- Hieroglyphic dictionary and Sign Lists
- Short introduction, and "Your
name in Hieroglyphics"
Graeco-Roman Background to the Bible
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- Perseus Site: - a site
with many hard-to-find treasures: (Try the experimental Tyndale
mirror - Classical
+ Papyri)
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- New
Pauly (Tyndale access via Cambridge
University)
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- Dictionary of Graeco-Roman background. An update and English version of
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
- Learning Latin
- Latin Dictionary & Grammar Aids or Digital Latin
Lexicon (free program to download)
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- Learning Greek
- Greek Conjugator
Program - free download. Makes charts and conjugates verbs.
- Thesaurus Linguae
Graecae
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- Info about the TLG project, and a huge list of Ancient Authors included
in the latest update
- Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography
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- Massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, derived from the scholia to critical editions of canonical works and from compilations by yet earlier authors
- Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis - Egyptian Greek Papyri
database
- Covers roughly the same papyri as Perseus, but the indexing is better. It
is in German, with English help.
- Duke Papyrus
Archive
- Collection of 1373 Egyptian Papyri, with background articles
- Papyri
at Michegan
- A large collection, almost all with notes and translation as well as
images of the papyri
- Papyri from
Oxyrhynchus
- Summaries and images from the latest volumes of this huge printed
collection.
- Marriage & Divorce Papyri
- All Greek, Latin & Aramiaic marriage & divorce documents from
500 BCE to 500 CE
- Papyrus Collections
Worldwide
- Catalogue of 'all' edited and yet-to-be-edited papyri
- Wordlist for recently published Papyri
- All the Greek words in papyri and ostraca and that are not yet
included in Perseus.
- Latin & Greek Inscriptions
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- Inscriptions collected from the various paper publications, on many
sites. See esp. Malitz's
collection
- Greek inscriptions are nicely searchable at the Packard Humanities
Institute (search tools are at the bottom of the page)
- Oxford Text Archive
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- Mostly English Literature texts, but this massive archive also has many
ancient Greek and Latin texts
- Interactive Ancient
Mediterranean
- Maps illustrating the classical world of Europe and the Med, but not
Palestine.
- Interactive Ancient Mediterranean Atlas
- Based on the scholarship of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and
Roman World. Just starting: good maps,
but few descriptions.
- LacusCurtius
- Roman maps, gazetteer, links and two encyclopaedias on Roman life and Roman architecture.
- Corinth
Computer Project
- History and archaeology of Corinth. Very informative, but the map isn't
as pretty as ours.
- John
Porter's University of Saskatchewan course on the archaeology of daily
life
- Covers the Greek and Roman world. Well organised, with links to other
sites.
- Orbis Latina
- Latin place names
- RomanSites
- A HUGE body of works, links and pictures for Roman background. Incl. an
index to inscriptions.
- Ancient Rome Resource Database
- More useful links to web and paper resources.
- Classics
Resources, university of Florida
- Resources and links for the study of Classical texts, incl. a list of etexts.
- Archaeology of Thessalonica
- Gene Green's slides and anotations, with a fast search engine.
- Cassius Dio: Roman History
- Complete text of Earnest Cary's Loeb translation.
- Electronic Resources for Classicists
- Well organised links to texts, tools, bibliographies, online journals,
discussion groups etc
- Bibliographical Repertorium of Greek Lexicography
- Bibliography of articles on Greek, organised by words and Greek
authors
- Hellenistic Greek
Linguistics Pages
Biblical Greek grammar. Discussion, texts, links.
- One
Thousend and One Object From the Syrian Land
Archaeology mainly from Roman times. Lots of pictures. Scroll past the
Arabic to the French version.
Jewish Background to the Bible
- RabbinicTraditions
- Mishnah, Tosephta, & both Talmuds in English & Hebrew, readable
(& searchable by members)
- Hebrew
Rabbinic texts
- Traditional rabbinic texts (Mishna, Tosefta, and
Babylonian
Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud). Downloadable for
PC & Palm
- Outline of
contents for Talmuds/Mishnah/Tosephta
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- (Based on Mishnah/Bab. Talmud, but all follow the same plan, mostly with
same chapter numbers)
- Talmud page layout Interactive Guide
- with introductions to the main commentaries etc
- Soncino Babylonian Talmud in English
- Full text with footnotes, but only 16 tractates.
- Rodkinson's Babylonian Talmud in English
- Full text but only 22 tractates (+ 3 supplementary tractates). Rodkinson
is mostly OK, but he omitted portions which are 'defamatory to the Rabbis' which
he thought were inserted by Jewish-Christians
- Talmud Manuscripts Project (Jewish National and University
Library)
- - facsimiles of 78 MSS of Babylonian Talmud & Mishnah from 11
libraries
- Wikisource Mishnah
(the free library anyone can edit)
- An online commuunity project to make a public domain
translation with hebrew text. Unfinished.
- Good explanations in footnotes.
- eDaf Talmud pages and audio
explanation
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- facsimiles of the traditional pages linked to audio translation &
explanation
- Schulchan Aruch with translation
- The digest of Talmudic laws for daily life, in English with Hebrew.
- Traditions of the Rabbis
in the Era of the New Testament (T-R-E-N-T)
- - earliest traditions dated and explained, esp for NT relevance
- Into His Own -
Perspective on the World of Jesus
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- Citations from background texts, organised by subject.
- Targums in Aramaic
- Onqelos, Pseudo-Jonathan, Neofiti, Fragmentary, & other non-Torah
Targums.
- Targums
in English
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- Onkelos, Pseudo-Jonathan, Fragmentary trans. by Etheridge. Torah plus a
few more.
- Legends of the Jews by by Louis Ginzberg
- - a readable account conflating all Jewish aggadic literature (footnotes
are missing)
- Mysticism during the Talmudic Era: Sources
- The basic sources
- Tales
And Maxims From The Midrash by Rev. Samuel Rapaport
- - large collection of selections from a wide range of Midrashim
- Archaeology of
Jerusalem and the Temple
- Ritmeyer is an archaeologist and a graphic designer. His pictures are
superb.
- Historical Jewish Maps & Atlases
- Biblical, Archeaological, Talmudic to Modern.
- AUTHENTIC The Holy
Land
- Answer questions re archaeology of Israel with information & photos.
Tyndale House is a member. Send questions through the Librarian.
- Ancient
Synagogues
- Primary sources and archaeology for ancient synagogues
- Ancient Jewish Accounts of Jesus
- Josephus, Celcus, Tertullian, Talmud, Toledoth Yeshu - full texts with
introductions..
- Jewish
Encyclopaedia
- For ancient Judaism this is than the modern Encyclopaedia Judaica. Full
text and searchable
- Bar mitzvah
tutor
- illustrated encyclopaedias of places, people, plants etc plus Torah reading
guide
- Jewish
virtual library
- an online encyclopaedia incl. Timeline and Glossary
- Introduction to Judaism
- from Biblical to modern times. By a Christian, but very good.
- Jastrow's Rabbinic Lexicon
- Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the
Midrashic Literature.
- Hebrew
alphabet & links to teach-yourself
- also has intros to almost every other written text form. Amazing!
- Mechon Mamre
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- an ultra-othodox site with very useful tools & texts plus guide to
festivals
& lifestyle
- Talmudic passages
about Jesus
- Full text of Christianity in Talmud and Midrash by R. Travers
Herford and Jesus Christ in the Talmud, Midrash, and the Zohar by
Gustav Dalman
- Inscriptions from the Land of Israel
- - aims to collect all inscriptions from Israel 330 BCE - 613 CE
- Ancient Kettubot
- Marriage certificates
- - 1200 MSS covering 900 years, searchable. Pictures of the originals are
often very beautiful
- Early Hebrew Printing by Michael Davidson
- - links to manuscripts and editions of Rabbinic texts
- Judaica Archival
Project
- - about 1000 ancient MSS which are emailed to you for a small fee
- Digitized
Book Repository Jewish National and University Library
- - rare and out-of-print books, mainly in Hebrew
- Judaica Libraries and
Archives on the Web
- - links to significant collections of Judaica around the world
- Jewish History Sourcebook
- - links and documents covering the whole history of the Jews
- Online Texts and Documents Related to Jewish History
- - covers ancient to modern, concentrating on actual texts
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- Taylor-Schechter Genizah Introduction
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- Taylor-Schechter collection of the Cairo Genizah documents. Very early
Jewish papyri. View the texts here
- Library of Congress Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibit
- The texts in translation, with pictures and introduction. Also
archaeological finds.
- Dead Sea
Scroll photos and links
- Orion Center in Israel. Photos, Index to DJD and an exhaustive Bibliography from 1995.
- Dead Sea Scrolls & Qumran
- Good historical introction & inventry. Few texts..
- The Great
Isaiah Scroll
- Photographs, variants, discussion, and translation of the Qumran Isaiah
Scroll.
- Dead Sea Scrolls published
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- A list and timetable of discoveries. Introductions and pictures of MSS.
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Early Church & Gnostic Background
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- Pseudepigrapha &
NT Apocrypha
- A collection of 'all' the works available in translation on the Web.
- Online Pseudepigrapha (Greek Texts)
- The best Greek texts with critical apparatus for some.
- 4Enoch and related
literature
- A collection which aims to grow way beyond its original remit.
- Early Church Fathers
at CCEL
- The full text
and footnotes of the standard 38 vols, with searching, and a downloadable
version.
- Early
Christian Writings
- Well organised texts from the 1st to 3rd centuries, with bibliographic
information and a questionable chronology.
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- Papyrus Egerton
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- An unknown gospel which relates to John's Gospel from a new Egyptian
papyrus. "Neither Gnostic nor heretical".
- Ethiopic texts: in Ethiopian
- Enoch, Asc.Is, Test.Adam etc . Or a cheap eprinting with
original texts & translation.
- Nag
Hammadi library
- This collection is made by a modern gnostic group, but the texts are
useful
- eBeth Arké:
The Syriac Digital Library
- Etexts of Syriac Church Fathers, Bibles, medical & business texts etc.
Just starting.
- Byzantine Sources
- An attempt at an exhaustive collection & bibliography.
- Early
Christian Writings
- Scholarly collection of most writings up to AD 250. Dates 2 Peter after
Hermas!.
- Early Church Polemics
- This collection of is made by a modern gnostic group, but the texts are
useful.
Church History
Greek and Latin original texts:
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- For searching all the Greek and Latin texts you still have to pay.
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Greek texts up to about 600 CE are on the TLG
(Thesaurus Linguae Graecae)
- Latin texts are on the Patrologia Latina (Cambridge
subscription)
- CLCLT Library of Latin
Texts searchable collection of virtually all Latin texts
(Tyndale access via Cambridge University)
- Beprolis' In
Principio - a bibliography of about 1million latin texts (Cambridge
University subscribes)
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- There are also some good free Web collections, especially: Bibliotheca
Augustana and Perseus
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Catholic Documents
- New
Advent has all the Fathers, including full Summa Theologica and an amazing encyclopaedia
Documenta Catholica
Omnia has collected files and PDF scans of a huge number of
document - even Galieo's
works!
- Elsewhere for Contra
Gentiles, Orders & Organisations
Orthodox Documents
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- St.
Pachomius Library has virtually everything Orthodox
Reformation Texts
- Hanover
texts, include Baxter, Bunyan, Calvin, Elizabethan Homilies, Fox (i.e.
condensed Foxe), Hooker, Law, Luther, Melanchthon, Wesley and others.
- Project Wittenberg is better to for Luther related texts
Huge general collections of historical texts
- Ecole has
texts up to 1500
- Christian Classics Ethereal
Library (CCEL) has virtually everything 'Christian'
The Internet
Medieval Sourcebook covers a very wide historical period
Project Gutenberg - a huge
collection of almost everything, but not easy to use
Oxford Text Archive Mostly
English Literature texts, but this massive archive also has many Church
History texts
EST:
English Short Title Catalogue (Cambridge University access)
- Full library records for all the books printed in Great Britain or any of
its dependencies in any language, as well as for materials printed in English
anywhere else in the world from 1473-1800. More..
EEBO: Early English Books
Online
Aims to put all the books in the English Short Title catalogue online as
page images. They have already completed thousands of titles including works by
Malory, Bacon, More, Erasmus, Boyle, Newton, Galileo etc, using the 10,000 feet
of microfilm which make up the The Early English Books library.